Despite making up nearly half of the U.S. workforce, women are still vastly underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) workforce.

Women made gains – from 8% of STEM workers in 1970 to 27% in 2019 – but men still dominated the field. Men made up 52% of all U.S. workers but 73% of all STEM workers.

In 1970, women made up 38% of all U.S. workers and 8% of STEM workers. By 2019, the STEM proportion had increased to 27% and women made up 48% of all workers.

STEM occupations account for nearly 7% of all U.S. occupations and STEM workers play an important role in America’s innovative capacity and global competitiveness. They are our engineers, medical scientists, sociologists and informational security analysts.

National STEM/STEAM Day is celebrated every year on Nov. 8 to encourage kids to explore their interests in the fields of science, technology, engineering, art, and math.

In 2019, there were nearly 10.8 million workers in STEM occupations, according to Census Bureau estimates.

Major Occupations
STEM
Computer (including computer and information systems managers) Mathematical Engineering (including architectural and engineering managers and sales engineers) Life science, physical science, and social science (including natural sciences managers, excluding occupational health and safety specialists and technicians)
STEM-related
Architects, except naval Health care and technical practitioners (including medical and health services managers)
Non-STEM
Management Business and financial operations Community and social service Legal Educational instruction and library Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media Health care support Protective service Food preparation and serving Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance Personal care and service Sales and related Office and administrative support Farming, fishing, and forestry Construction and extraction Installation, maintenance, and repair Production Transportation Material moving

Women Make Gains in Some STEM Occupations

In 1970, women made up 38% of all U.S. workers and 8% of STEM workers. By 2019, the STEM proportion had increased to 27% and women made up 48% of all workers.

Since 1970, the representation of women has increased across all STEM occupations and they made significant gains in social science occupations in particular – from 19% in 1970 to 64% in 2019.

Women in 2019 also made up nearly half of those in all math (47%) and life and physical science (45%) occupations.

However, women did not make as big gains in computer and engineering occupations, which made up the largest portion (80%) of the STEM workforce.

Women represented only about a quarter of computer workers and 15% of those in engineering occupations. They were, however, a majority of the nation’s social scientists. But social science accounted for only 3% of STEM occupations.

Women working in engineering occupations increased from 3% in 1970 to 15% in 2019. And while the percentage of women in computer occupations is higher than in 1970, it actually decreased between 1990 and 2019.

What Women Earn

Women employed full-time, year-round in STEM occupations earned more than their non-STEM counterparts but the gender earnings gap persisted within STEM occupations.

In STEM occupations that are majority women and have enough of a sample to meet statistical standards for reliability, (other psychologists, natural sciences managers, and medical scientists) women employed full-time year-round earned less or about the same as men.

Among the 70 detailed STEM occupations the Census Bureau reports on, women earned more than men in only one STEM occupation: computer network architects. But women represented only 8% of those in this occupation.

Much of the data highlighted above come from a recently released detailed table from the American Community Survey and provide information on specific STEM occupations and earnings for women and men.

Anthony Martinez is a survey statisticians in the Census Bureau’s Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division.

Cheridan Christnacht is a former survey statistican with the U.S. Census Bureau’s Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Divison and is now a law student at the University of Chicago.